Climate Variability and Agro-Ecological Transitions in Abyei: Implications for Agriculture, Land Use, and Community Resilience

This study examines the intricate relationship between climate variability, agro-ecological zones, and agricultural practices in Abyei-a contested border region between Sudan and South Sudan characterized by diverse ecological systems and sociopolitical dynamics. Drawing on historical climate data, local observations, and literature synthesis, the paper analyzes temperature and precipitation trends, revealing an increase in average temperatures and irregular rainfall patterns that have intensified droughts and floods over recent decades. These climatic fluctuations have significantly influenced land use, crop productivity, and pastoral systems, exacerbating food insecurity and resource-based conflicts. The research highlights three primary agro-ecological zones—wetlands, dry savannas, and wooded savannas—each supporting distinct forms of crop cultivation and livestock rearing shaped by ecological potential and socio-cultural practices. It also explores the gendered dimensions of agricultural labor, governance challenges, and the growing pressures of urbanization and market integration. The findings underscore the need for climate-smart agriculture, agroforestry adoption, and participatory land management strategies to enhance resilience and sustainability. Ultimately, this paper contributes to understanding how environmental, climatic, and socio-political factors converge to shape the agricultural landscape and adaptive capacity of communities in Abyei.