Comparative Evaluation of Thermal Effects, Cleaning Efficacy, and Dentinal Defects of Three Rotary Systems in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study

However, concerns remain regarding heat generation during instrumentation, which can potentially damage surrounding periodontal tissues.Studies indicate that temperatures exceeding 47C risk irreversible bone resorption, emphasizing the need for thermal safety assessments. 6Additionally, rotary instrumentation may induce dentinal defects such as microcracks, compromising root structural integrity.The varying designs, tapers, and kinematics of different Ni-Ti systems further complicate their clinical predictability. 7onsidering these factors, this study aims to compare and assess heat generation during instrumentation, debridement efficacy, and root defects caused by three Ni-Ti rotary systems IntroductIonPreserving primary teeth through effective endodontic treatment is crucial for maintaining space, function, and esthetics in growing children. 1 However, the complex, ribbon-shaped root canals of primary molars pose significant challenges for achieving a three-dimensional seal.Traditional hand instrumentation, though reliable, is time-consuming and prone to iatrogenic errors such as canal transportation and ledging. 2 Pediatric rotary nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) systems have emerged as a faster, more efficient alternative, revolutionizing pediatric endodontics since their introduction by Barr et al. 3 Recent advancements have led to the development of exclusive pediatric rotary files, such as the Kedo-S2, Kids-e-files, and Prime Pedo systems, each with unique design features.The Kedo-S2 file, a fourth-generation system, incorporates a dualcore Ni-Ti alloy with a variable cross-section-triangular apically for minimal dentin removal and teardrop-shaped coronally for efficient debris clearance. 4Kids-e-files are advanced heat-treated rainbow rotary files.They have CM wire Ni-Ti memory alloy, which increases flexibility and resistance to cyclic fatigue.The triangular cross-section with a 4% constant taper keeps the center stiffness and high cutting efficiency.The Prime Pedo file system consists of three files (starter, P1, P2).They are gold-treated and have triangular cross-sections-the starter file with 8% taper and P1 and P2 with 6% taper. 5These systems operate at low speeds (250-300 rpm), reducing procedural risks while improving efficacy.