Roles of Wnt ligands and receptors in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) poses significant challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence highlights the critical involvement of Wingless/Int-1 (Wnt) ligands and receptors in OSCC pathogenesis. Dysregulated Wnt signaling pathways contribute to tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance by promoting cellular proliferation, epithelial‒mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Targeting Wnt signaling presents a promising therapeutic avenue, yet its complex interplay with other signaling pathways requires a deeper understanding to implement effective intervention. This study sheds light on the current knowledge of the roles of Wnt ligands and receptors in OSCC, emphasizing their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Future research directions involve elucidating context-specific Wnt signaling dynamics and exploring combination therapies to improve clinical outcomes for OSCC patients.