Complications Caused by Apical Extrusion of Sodium Hypochlorite. A Case Report Study and Systematic Review
While NaOCl remains the gold standard for root canal irrigation, improper handling can result in severe complications, including chemical burns and tissue necrosis. The study highlights the importance of implementing safety measures such as accurate irrigation techniques, the use of rubber dams, and side-exit needles to minimize risks. Further research is necessary to refine irrigation protocols and enhance patient safety, emphasizing the need for collaboration among dental professionals for optimal treatment outcomes.
Authors
- Elisabetta de Ruvo
- Andrea Palermo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-9398)
- Angelo Michele Inchingolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0104-6337)
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6366-1039)
- Antonio Di Lorenzo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9259-9417)
- Gaetano Del Vecchio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1197-9721)
- Gianna Dipalma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5947-8987)
Institutions
- University of Salento (IT)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Annali Italiani di Chirurgia
- Published
- 2025-11-21
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.62713/aic.4139
- Primary Topic
- Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00