Toward One Health Institutionalization: harnessing stakeholder network as leverage to strengthen health security in Libya

These evidence-based insights directly informed Libya's first national One Health Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), establishing a formal governance framework signed by the MoH, MoA, MoLG, MoE, and FDCC, and endorsed by NCDC, the NCAH, and ESA. The study demonstrates that even in fragile contexts, network-informed stakeholder engagement can catalyze sustainable, multisectoral health governance-offering a replicable model for One Health institutionalization in similar settings as a catalyst for health security. It highlights practical lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring how integrated governance across human, animal, and environmental health sectors can enhance prevention, preparedness, response, and resilience against future threats.