An ecological network approach to assessing the site suitability of photovoltaic power stations

Abstract The deployment of photovoltaic power stations in alpine grassland areas of the Tibetan Plateau contributes to the clean energy development and economic growth. Nevertheless, current evaluation frameworks commonly overlook the ecological impacts associated with photovoltaic power stations. To achieve genuinely sustainable development, it is imperative to incorporate ecological factors into the site‐selection and planning processes of photovoltaic power stations. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the ecological impacts of photovoltaic power stations through the application of an ecological network approach, considering different grassland types and various operational phases. Additionally, we developed an integrated framework that incorporates ecological impact assessments to explore the site location suitability of photovoltaic power stations in alpine grasslands of Tibetan Plateau. Our findings indicated that the ecological effects of photovoltaic arrays varied significantly across different grassland types and time of operation. Photovoltaic arrays enhance ecosystem complexity in alpine desert steppe ecosystems. Conversely, they have negative impacts in alpine steppe and alpine meadow ecosystems. The adverse effects are most pronounced during the early years of operation (≤4 years). Moreover, we developed a spatial distribution map for evaluating the site location suitability of photovoltaic power stations, which integrates ecological factors. The analysis determined 201,519 km 2 of optimal areas for photovoltaic power stations construction, primarily situated in the alpine desert steppe. Notably, when ecological impact factors were omitted from the analysis, there was a respective proportional increase by 155.3% and 193.0% in the areas classified as very suitable and extremely suitable, respectively. Synthesis and applications . This study offers critical insights that can guide the sustainable development of photovoltaic power stations across alpine grassland ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau. Site‐selection policies should mandate ecological assessments referencing developed composite ecological maps for photovoltaic project approvals. Additionally, an ecological certification system should be established to ensure sustainable development. Further research efforts will focus on expanding the evaluation indicators to characterize hydrological progress and the social dimension, specifically considering the local community's support for photovoltaic construction. Ultimately, a more objective and comprehensive assessment of the suitability of photovoltaic power station locations can be ensured.