An all-inclusive review on propolis uses in dentistry

Propolis, a resinous product produced by honeybees, has long been recognised for its medicinal properties. Its complex chemical composition confers diverse biological activities relevant to both the general systemic health and oral health, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and regenerative effects. Still, and aside from its role and uses in general medicine, this review aims to comprehensively evaluate the dental-specific applications of propolis, focusing on its therapeutic benefits, dental-pharmaceutical delivery forms, and recent scientific advances that support its integration into modern dental practice. Multiple studies have proven that propolis demonstrates significant antimicrobial activity against both cariogenic and periodontal pathogens, antifungal effects against Candida albicans, and modulation of inflammatory responses in periodontal and mucosal diseases, while many preliminary studies also indicate possible greater potential that requires further research and confirmation. Propolis fosters tissue regeneration and wound healing in the oral cavity. Various pharmaceutical forms have been developed to optimise its delivery and efficacy, including mouthwashes, oral gels, dental varnishes, toothpastes, and innovative nano-formulations. Emerging evidence suggests propolis as a potentially safe and effective adjunct in caries prevention, periodontal therapy, management of many oral mucosal lesions, as well as endodontic disinfection. In summary, propolis represents a promising natural agent with multidimensional benefits for oral health. Advances in standardisation and delivery technologies are enhancing its clinical applicability despite that there is still a considerable way to go. Therefore, further rigorous clinical studies are warranted to establish standardised protocols and fully integrate propolis into trusted evidence-based dental healthcare.