Strategy framework for treated sewage effluent reuse in agriculture: the case of a GCC Country

Abstract This study addresses the governance of treated sewage effluent (TSE) reuse in agriculture in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, using Qatar as a case study. While this topic is commonly approached either from a technical suitability/quality conformity perspective, or through the listing of general policy recommendations, this research is the first to present a comprehensive, well-structured, and empirically validated framework tailored to the GCC context. Through an extensive analysis of reported global practices, four key enablers were identified: legislation and practices, infrastructure, sustainability, and social acceptance. A local analysis of these enablers revealed their interconnectedness; it pinpointed the key stakeholder and clarified their respective roles in implementing and maintaining TSE reuse systems. The final output illustrates the ‘cyclical relationship’ among the four enablers, integrated into a holistic governance framework. This framework was validated by a representative group of local stakeholders through a two-stage approach: individual (one-on-one interviews) and collective (roundtable discussions). By bridging the gap between general policy recommendations and on-the-ground implementation, the study delivers an actionable roadmap that enhances water sustainability efforts and supports decision-making by policymakers and professionals in the region.