The influence of descriptive norms and media trust on male HPV vaccination willingness: an extended protection motivation theory approach

Men's cognitive appraisal of HPV risks and their coping efficacy underpin vaccination intentions. Social cues (descriptive norms) and reliable information sources (media trust) reinforce these cognitions, amplifying willingness both directly and through PMT constructs. Interventions should normalise male vaccination, enhance message credibility, and alleviate financial or procedural burdens to broaden HPV vaccine uptake among men.