Prevalence and Determinants of Delayed Eruption of Permanent Teeth: A Cross-Sectional Evaluation

Background: Timely eruption of permanent teeth is vital for proper occlusion, mastication, and speech. Delayed eruption may indicate underlying nutritional, systemic, or oral health issues. However, data from Pakistan on its prevalence and risk factors are limited. Objective: To determine the prevalence of delayed permanent tooth eruption and its association with demographic, biological, and oral health factors in children aged 6–14 years. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted from September 2024 to December 2024 at Public and private dental clinics in Peshawar, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: Using consecutive sampling, 119 children were enrolled. Data on demographics, nutrition, systemic health, birth history, and oral habits were collected via a structured proforma. Clinical exams followed WHO guidelines. Delayed eruption was defined as absence of a permanent tooth ≥ six months beyond the expected age. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Results: Delayed eruption was observed in 39.5% (n=47) of children. Significant predictors included age 6–8 years (AOR=3.25), underweight status (AOR=3.95), systemic growth conditions (AOR=4.85), preterm/low birth weight (AOR=2.95), prolonged oral habits (AOR=3.20), dental crowding (AOR=5.15), and caries experience (AOR=2.85). Conclusion: Delayed eruption is prevalent among Pakistani children and is significantly linked to nutritional deficits, systemic conditions, and oral health issues. Early detection and targeted interventions are essential to prevent long-term complications.