Influence of Bi/Fe co-doping on the physical properties of anatase TiO ₂ nanoparticles

Background: The co-doping of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) with metals has emerged as a powerful strategy to enhance its photocatalytic performance and extend its applicability across various fields of study such as sensors and energy devices. Objective: The objective of this study was to produce collapsing permittivity (CP) nanocrystals (NC) samples by constructing core/shell nanostructures through a co-doping method. Furthermore, studies were conducted to ascertain the impact of hydrogenation on the CP. Method: The hydrothermal precipitation method is a widely used technique for synthesizing doped TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs). This method has been shown to produce highly crystalline materials with controlled morphology and composition. The co-doping of TiO 2 with bismuth (Bi) and iron (Fe) ions has been demonstrated to offer several advantages in the tailoring of the material’s structural, optical, and electronic properties. Results: It was discovered that the hydrogenation process produced a permittivity of [Formula: see text]. According to the results, the frequency is roughly [Formula: see text] at a frequency of 1 kHz. There are notable differences between these values and those of pure TiO 2 that favor the former. This core/shell model was applied to clarify the origin of CP. Conclusion: The reduction of carbon (CP) by hydrogenation was attributed to the catalytic power of Fe[Formula: see text] dopant ions. These dopant ions were able to dissociate the adsorbed H2 molecules, thereby creating a high concentration of itinerant electrons.