Ecological and Biological Characteristics and Interactions of <i>Shorea Balangeran</i> in Peat Swamp Forest

Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Burck is widely distributed in Southeast Asian peat swamp forests although it is not endemic to this habitat type. This study examines the ecological and biological characteristics and interactions of S. balangeran in peat swamp forests, and in particular its interactions with co-occurring species and its capacity for adaptation to challenging environmental conditions. The study addresses key questions relating to the soil characteristics in areas where S. balangeran thrives, the nature of associations with commonly co-occurring species, and how the findings might inform peatland restoration strategies. Vegetation data, soil samples and species association records arising from field surveys conducted in a peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, were analysed. S. balangeran was found to be the second most dominant species in the area, and to show positive associations with other species such as Gonystylus bancanus and Cratoxylum arborescens , suggesting shared habitat preferences or environmental tolerances. S. balangeran was commonly found in moderately acidic soils with high organic matter and low nutrient content, indicating its adaptability to nutrient-poor conditions. These findings highlight ecological characteristics of S. balangeran that may commend it for use in peatland restoration programs. However, further research is needed to fully understand its role in ecosystem functioning and resilience.