Conflict tactics in serial arguments: Is the ultimatum an ultimate solution?

Ultimatums are a consequential yet underexamined conflict strategy. While often perceived as a distributive tactic, they can also function as pivotal moments of boundary-setting and relational transformation. Despite their presence in compliance-gaining, negotiation, and reconciliation literature, little is known about how ultimatums operate in serial arguments within close relationships. Thus, we engaged the serial argument process model to (1) examine the conditions that contribute to the use of ultimatums in serial arguments, (2) explore the associations between ultimatums and relationship outcomes, and (3) compare the use of ultimatums in romantic relationships and friendships. Using multi-group path analyses, we found that although ultimatums may be employed in both dating and friendship contexts, their usage and associated outcomes are related to factors such as conflict goals, perceived resolvability, and the appropriateness and effectiveness of ultimatum use. These findings have implications for conflict theory and provide guidance for conflict resolution within close relationships.