Green Synthetic Strategies for Porphyrins: Toward Sustainable Functional Macrocycles

Abstract Porphyrins are highly conjugated macrocyclic compounds that play vital roles in both natural and synthetic systems, with broad applications in catalysis, energy conversion, environmental remediation, and biomedicine. However, conventional synthetic approaches are often associated with harsh reaction conditions, toxic solvents, and low overall sustainability. In response, green chemistry principles have increasingly guided the development of more environmentally benign strategies for porphyrin synthesis. This review systematically examines recent progress (primarily from 2015 to 2025 in the development of green and sustainable synthetic methodologies for porphyrins, including solvent‐free techniques, the use of green solvents, microwave‐ and ultrasound‐assisted approaches, mechanochemical processes, and emerging biocatalytic and electrochemical methods. Representative studies are analyzed with respect to yield, scalability, and alignment with green chemistry metrics such as atom economy, energy efficiency, and waste reduction. By highlighting both achievements and current challenges, this review aims to guide future efforts toward more sustainable and industrially viable porphyrin syntheses.