The EQUAL model for equity: A systems-based design to prevent school dropout in Thailand

This study examined the multifaceted factors influencing school dropout among vulnerable children in Thailand and analyzed mechanisms of Thailand Zero Dropout (TZD) policy implementation. Drawing on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, the international Zero Dropout approach, and the principle of educational equality, it developed the EQUAL model (Equity for Quality Access and Uplifted Learning) as a systemic framework to address educational inequality. Qualitative data from in-depth interviews, focus groups, and policy document analysis with 49 informants in 10 high-risk areas revealed that poverty, family instability, and mental health issues, together with systemic barriers such as rigid bureaucracy, limited resources, and fragmented coordination, increase dropout risks. Effective solutions require accurate databases, flexible budgeting, and strong collaboration among schools, families, and local authorities. The EQUAL model reduces structural resistance and builds policy momentum through equity-based design, quality access, holistic support, adaptive systems, and integrated networks, linking policy and practice to strengthen educational equity and reintegrate out-of-school children sustainably.