Eyelid Arteriovenous Malformation With Orbital Fistula: Literature Review and Case Report

Orbital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare entities, either congenital or acquired, that can significantly impair ocular function and aesthetics. Diagnostic evaluation requires multimodal imaging, and treatment is extremely complex, not only due to the limited information available in the literature, but also because of the high recurrence rate of the lesion, therefore requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Treatment involves a multimodal approach, often requiring AVM embolization followed by surgical excision. Endovascular embolization with agents such as ethylene-vinyl alcohol (Onyx®) or N-hexyl cyanoacrylate (Magic Glue®) should be ideally performed prior to subsequent surgical approaches. Recurrence is frequent, especially when nidus occlusion is incomplete, underscoring the importance of long-term follow-up and reintervention when necessary. We present a review of the recent literature and a clinical case of a left upper eyelid AVM associated with an orbital fistula in a young patient, managed with endovascular embolization and surgical excision.