Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of amlodipine besylate using β-alanine-modified α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles

In this study, we present a highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for the detection of Amlodipine besylate (AMP) using α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles (IO) functionalized with alanine (IOALA) to enhance electrochemical activity. The IO nanoparticles were synthesized through a starch-assisted template method and then modified with alanine, improving their stability and reducing agglomerate size. Comprehensive characterization of IOALA was conducted using XRD, FTIR, DLS, VSM, FESEM-EDX, HRTEM, and SAED, confirming the structural integrity and functionalization of the nanomaterial. The IOALA was subsequently immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate the IOALA/GCE sensor, where electrochemical parameters, including scan rate, electrolyte pH, and AMP concentration, were meticulously optimized. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed to achieve precise quantification of AMP, revealing a remarkable detection limit of 1.29 nM and a broad linear dynamic range of 3.89 nM to 500.03 nM. The sensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility and selectivity, exhibiting high resistance to interference, making it reliable for real-sample analysis. Practical application was validated by detecting AMP in generic drug formulations, highlighting the sensor's potential for real-world pharmaceutical monitoring. This novel IOALA/GCE platform offers an efficient, cost-effective, and robust approach for AMP detection, contributing to the advancement of electrochemical sensors in pharmaceutical analysis.