Integrating plant defense responses in managing nematode threats for agricultural sustainability: A review

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are among the most destructive pathogens in agriculture, causing substantial yield losses and threatening global food security. Conventional management strategies, particularly chemical nematicides, are increasingly limited due to environmental toxicity and health concerns, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. Leveraging intrinsic plant defense responses provides a promising strategy for nematode management while promoting eco-friendly agricultural practices. This review critically examines the molecular, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms underlying plant resistance to nematodes, including pattern-triggered immunity, effector-triggered responses, systemic acquired resistance, and the regulatory roles of phytohormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The contribution of secondary metabolites, cell wall reinforcement, and complex signaling networks in modulating nematode resistance is analyzed. Additionally, recent developments in genetic engineering, RNA interference, biostimulants, and induced resistance approaches are evaluated as innovative tools for enhancing crop resilience. The integration of these strategies within sustainable farming systems is emphasized, demonstrating their potential to reduce chemical inputs, maintain soil health, and enhance long-term productivity. By synthesizing current advances, this review highlights the potential of exploiting plant defense mechanisms as a core component of integrated nematode management. The insights presented aim to inform future research directions and practical applications, contributing to the development of resilient, sustainable, and environmentally responsible agricultural practices.