Offshore floating modular energy islands: Technologies and Challenges

Abstract Offshore floating modular energy islands (FMEIs) represent a promising solution to meet growing global energy demands, while addressing challenges associated with conventional energy infrastructure. This paper explores key technological components underpinning the design, construction, and energy generation of FMEIs, with a focus on three core areas: energy generation systems, floating structures and construction methods. The first technological component focuses on energy generation systems, examining the technologies of offshore wind power, solar and wave energy, to maximise overall energy production, while also highlighting the challenges involved in integrating these technologies. The second section examines the support structure of offshore floating platforms, as well as the key role of mooring systems in ensuring structural integrity under challenging marine conditions. The importance of advanced monitoring and maintenance strategies for long-term viability is also discussed. The third technological component discusses modular construction, highlighting the material choices and associated construction challenges in building FMEIs. This review also includes case studies and ongoing projects that demonstrate the real-world application of these technologies. Through the integration of advanced renewable energy generation technologies, floating and mooring systems and modular construction methods, FMEIs offer a sustainable and innovative approach to offshore energy production. This paper provides an overview of FMEIs and contributes to advancing development in this emerging field.