Acidic Wastewater from Electrode Foil Manufacturing: Treatment Advances and Future Pathways

The rapid expansion of the electrode foil industry has led to the generation of large volumes of acidic wastewater containing strong acids (sulfuric and hydrochloric) and metal ions (such as aluminum and copper). The generated wastewater poses serious environmental challenges, including infrastructure corrosion, soil acidification, and toxicity to aquatic life. This review evaluates three primary treatment approaches: neutralization (adjusting pH and removing metals), ion adsorption (selective recovery of metals and acid recycling), and membrane separation (precision resource recovery). Neutralization is cost-effective for pH adjustment and metal removal but is limited by secondary pollution and low resource recovery. Ion adsorption allows for the targeted recovery of metals and recycling of acid, although it faces challenges related to high costs and scalability. Membrane separation offers accurate separation and resource recovery but is affected by fouling and high energy requirements. Future research should focus on integrated treatment strategies, AI-driven process optimization, and the development of advanced materials to enhance sustainable wastewater management. These efforts aim to provide a scientific basis and technical reference for wastewater treatment in the electrode foil industry.