Electric two-wheeler crashes: Risk factors and potential solutions – A systematic review

Electric two-wheelers have been developed as a sustainable alternative to reduce environmental pollution. Nevertheless, like conventional two-wheelers, they contribute significantly to road traffic crashes. While some risk factors associated with these crashes have been identified, others remain uncertain. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the available evidence regarding risk factors related to electric two-wheelers. We searched for studies on electric two-wheeler risk analysis published in English from January 2010 to September 2024 in multiple databases. In total, 61 studies met the inclusion criteria. Three domains of risk factors associated with electric two-wheelers were identified, including human (e.g., age, gender, behaviors), environment (e.g., time, weather, visibility, road conditions), and vehicle (e.g., size, weight, speed). The findings highlight that existing research has predominantly focused on rider demographics and behavioral factors, with significant attention given to age, gender, helmet use, and traffic violations. Moreover, in light of current research, the review highlights the need for future research to address data gaps by utilizing advanced monitoring techniques such as real-time systems, video analytics, and wearable devices. Furthermore, the review highlights the exploration of key factors such as psychological factors, risk perceptions, and urban infrastructure in the context of electric two-wheelers to enhance rider safety.