Exploration of Cu-Ba-Al layered triple oxide modified montmorillonite (MMT/Cu-Ba-Al-LTO) composite for efficient adsorption of brilliant green dye from aqueous solution

Adsorption has emerged as a powerful treatment technique in response to growing concerns about the effects of water pollution on the environment and human health. This study investigates the use of Cu-Ba-Al layered triple oxide to modify montmorillonite in order to improve its capacity to adsorb Brilliant green dye. Utilizing Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses, the materials were characterized. To obtain a greater adsorption efficiency of the modified montmorillonite (MMT/Cu-Ba-Al-LTO), a number of experimental parameters were optimized. With an initial dye concentration of 190 mg L −1 , an adsorbent dosage of 0.8 g L −1 , and an equilibrium time of 180 min, the adsorbent demonstrated a removal efficiency of 99.25 ± 0.02 % (r = 3, SD) at 32 °C. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was estimated to be 520.83 ± 13.81 mg g −1 . The Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm (R 2 = 0.99839, RMSE = 0.00623, reduced-χ 2 = 3.88 ×10 −5 ) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R 2 = 0.99954, RMSE = 0.00892, reduced-χ 2 = 7.96494 × 10 −5 ) were found to be the best fitted models, suggesting a strong interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate. An endothermic and spontaneous adsorption process was suggested by thermodynamic parameters such as a positive ΔH° and a negative ΔG°. After the third regeneration cycle, the material’s efficiency remained at 73.46 ± 0.04 % (r = 3, SD), demonstrating its effective reusability. • MMT/Cu-Ba-Al-LTO material for enhanced brilliant green dye removal. • Optimized adsorption conditions achieved 99.25 ± 0.02 % removal efficiency with a maximum Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of 520.83 mg/g. • Adsorption process followed Freundlich isotherm (R 2 = 0.99777) and pseudo-second-order kinetics. • Demonstrated good reusability, retaining 73.46 ± 0.04 % efficiency after three regeneration cycles.