Energy, equity and inclusion: Exploring gender equality and social inclusion in energy planning in Kenya

The provision of universal access to modern energy and the facilitation of a clean and equitable energy transition depends on the consideration of the needs of marginalised and vulnerable groups in energy planning. Kenya has made significant progress in increasing energy access and has implemented policies aimed at inclusivity and equality in energy and other sectors. However, questions remain about how gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) is understood, framed and operationalised by decision-makers across governance levels. Through a policy review and 23 semi-structured interviews with experts from national and county governments, civil society organisations and the private sector, this paper investigates how stakeholder perceptions towards GESI impact on broader structural framings in policy and planning in Kenya's energy sector. Findings reveal that while gender considerations are increasingly recognised, other forms of marginalisation and their intersectionality remain insufficiently addressed—some experts see GESI as only relating to gender, rather than something that includes a broader range of marginalising factors. Furthermore, the implementation of GESI-related commitments remains limited, particularly at the sub-national level, due to a lack of institutional capacity and resources. The paper concludes that Kenya has made notable strides to mainstream GESI in energy policy and planning; however, further efforts are required to dismantle structural barriers, including persistent gender norms and power imbalances. • Policies in Kenya increasingly acknowledge the energy needs of marginalised groups. • However, the focus lies on gender, neglecting other aspects of marginalisation. • Implementation varies widely, as many counties lack human and financial resources. • Participatory planning, increased resources and capacity building is needed. • Underlying structures of discrimination must be addressed for just energy systems.