Mitigating biofouling in hydraulic infrastructure: a review of <i>Limnoperna fortunei</i> (Dunker, 1857) control technologies

<i>Limnoperna fortunei</i> (Dunker, 1857 in GBIF Secretariat (2023)), an invasive species known for its high filtration rate, dense populations, and rapid dispersion, poses a significant threat to freshwater ecosystems in various regions worldwide. In hydraulic infrastructure, <i>L. fortunei</i> biofouling reduces operational efficiency, accelerates infrastructure degradation, shortens equipment lifespan, and poses safety risks and water contamination threats, incurring significant economic costs. Consequently, effective control measures for <i>L. fortunei</i> are urgently needed. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding and managing <i>L. fortunei</i>, with various strategies proposed-such as physical removal, chemical eradication, and biological control - few have been shown to provide long-term, widely applicable solutions in hydraulic engineering. This paper reviews the mechanisms of fouling by <i>L. fortunei</i> and the current prevention strategies, offering a scientific basis and guidance for developing more effective prevention and control technologies.