Biomedical nanocomposites targeting microenvironments for cancer or autoimmune disease treatment through immune modulation

The microenvironment has been recognized as a critical determinant in the pathogenesis of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and allergy. Effective therapies must therefore target the microenvironment to achieve either immune activation or immune tolerance, depending on the disease context. Recent advances in nanocomposite-based therapeutics have provided new opportunities to precisely modulate immune microenvironments and improve therapeutic efficacy. This short review summarizes recent progress and ongoing challenges in this rapidly evolving field. We discuss how targeted immune modulation has revolutionized modern medicine by selectively adjusting immune responses, enhancing immunity against cancers and infectious diseases, or inducing tolerance in autoimmune and allergic disorders. Finally, we highlight how nanotechnology-driven microenvironment targeting enhances specificity, minimizes off-target effects, and offers a powerful platform for next-generation immune therapies.