Prioritizing critical factors for leather waste management in Bangladesh: an ISM-MICMAC and best–worst method approach

The leather industry in Bangladesh significantly contributes to the national economy but also generates extensive environmental pollution through chromium-contaminated sludge and untreated tannery effluents. Effective waste management requires identifying and prioritizing critical factors and understanding their interdependencies. This research introduces an integrated framework combining Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), Matrix Impact Cross Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC), and the Best Worst Method (BWM) to systematically analyze and prioritize these factors. Initially, 19 factors were identified through a comprehensive literature review and expert consultation. These were narrowed to 12 critical factors by consulting 21 industry experts. Using BWM, the "Use of Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Practices" emerged as most critical, followed by "Reuse and Recycling of Leather Waste," and "Proper Modification of Existing Equipment." ISM analysis structured the hierarchical relationships, highlighting sustainability initiatives as foundational drivers influencing regulatory compliance and technological improvements. MICMAC analysis further classified factors by their driving and dependence characteristics. This study uniquely contributes by providing a structured, replicable decision-making framework applicable across industries. Future research is recommended to incorporate dynamic modelling and real-time policy analysis.