Black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) Zingiberaceae: unveiling mystical phytochemicals and their pharmacological wonders

Black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.), a rare and endangered medicinal plant from the Zingiberaceae family, has gained scientific interest due to its potent bioactive, therapeutic potential, rich phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Compared to other Curcuma species, C. caesia is distinguished by its unique chemical profile and higher camphor content. This review consolidates current research on its phytochemical constituents and therapeutic potential. The rhizomes contain curcuminoids, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids, with major constituents identified through GC–MS, including camphor (28.2%), ar-turmerone (12.4%), and (Z)-ocimene (8.5%). Pharmacological studies confirm its antioxidant, anti-ulcer, neuroprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, and thrombolytic activities. Modern research supports traditional Ayurvedic and Unani uses in treating inflammation, infections, and respiratory disorders. Conservation efforts are necessary due to its endangered status. Further studies should focus on molecular mechanisms, clinical trials, and formulation development to maximize its therapeutic applications.