Opportunities and challenges in adopting conservation agriculture technologies in Malawi in the context of fighting food insecurity: a case study of Vibangalala EPA

Adopting Conservation Agriculture Technology (CAT) in rural Malawi is critical for enhancing food security and environmental sustainability. However, opportunities and challenges related to adopting CAT among farmers in Malawi remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the opportunities and challenges in adopting CAT among farmers in Vibangalala Extension Planning Area of Mzimba district, Malawi. A quantitative cross-sectional design was used. The study recruited 390 participants. The data was collected through a closed-ended questionnaire, which was administered from 1st April to 30th April, 2024. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for data analysis. The value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Key challenges include time-intensive practices (47.9%), illiteracy (10.62%), and Cultural practices (9.42% ), while opportunities include increased income (48.78%) and environmental conservation., The study identified major challenges and opportunities influencing CAT adoption. While farmers perceive a balance between constraints and potential benefits, socioeconomic and institutional barriers remain critical, indicating a balanced perception among farmers. However, socio-economic and institutional barriers remain critical. The study found that while adopting CAT has potential benefits, it also faces significant barriers entrenched in the socioeconomic status of the contextual setting. Hence, the study suggests that adopting CAT requires strengthening social networks, improving literacy through community training, and providing financial and policy support. Future efforts should focus on regionally tailored, participatory interventions to foster sustainable adoption and long-term benefits.