Tilianin: pharmacological potential, mechanisms of action, and future perspectives in traditional and modern medicine

The novelty of this review lies in its holistic approach, consolidating evidence from in vitro, animal model, and ethnopharmacological studies, while addressing the need for clinical trials and improved pharmacokinetics. This review expands the scope to include tilianin's effects on neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic syndrome. While tilianin shows promising therapeutic potential, its clinical application is limited by bioavailability issues. Future research should focus on optimizing pharmacokinetics, advancing drug delivery systems, and conducting well-designed clinical trials.