Recent advances in fabrication and performance of metal matrix composites (MMCs): A comprehensive review

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) represent a remarkable class of advanced materials that combine a metal matrix with various reinforcement types and geometries. These composites have significantly advanced in materials science due to their superior toughness, strength, and multifunctional capabilities. MMCs are increasingly essential for high-performance applications where enhanced physical, mechanical, thermal, and corrosion properties are mandatory. They are widely used across aerospace, automotive, defense, electronics, and space industries because of their excellent developmental and performance characteristics. Researchers and engineers continue to innovate MMC fabrication technologies to overcome cost challenges and enhance affordability. This review highlights a broad range of production technologies, from traditional casting and powder metallurgy to emerging hybrid processing methods. These advances not only address the classical issues of high production costs and material limitations but also enable new customization, performance optimization, and scalability options. By focusing on recent innovations and their impact on advanced manufacturing and materials engineering, MMCs are shown to meet current industrial demands while fostering the development of next-generation, high-performance, and sustainable technologies.