Characteristics and differences in immune response capacity and gut microbiome between wild and captive Amur grayling (Thymallus grubii): New insights into endangered fish conservation

Overall, wild Amur grayling had higher immune capacity and intestinal barrier functions than cultured Amur grayling. This study displayed that responses and adaptations to diverse aquatic environments were shown by liver-gut-microbiota axis in Amur grayling. Our findings could provide a promising direction for the improve its adaptability of wild population in reintroduction project and propose the conservation strategy for biodiversity recovery.