Synergistic activity of endophytic phytobiome enhances stress tolerance and secondary metabolite production in plants

Endophytes are asymptomatic, mutually beneficial microorganisms that acquire nutrients and habitat from the host plants while enhancing secondary metabolite production and improving stress tolerance. Under stress conditions, the plants’ physiological and biochemical processes are hindered by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), which disrupts nutrient and water homeostasis and reduces photosynthetic activity. Endophytes mediate host responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses, such as drought, heavy metals, salinity, and pathogens. Endophytes play a crucial role in facilitating plant adaptation to environmental changes, and therefore, understanding their interaction with plants holds significant potential for addressing the challenges of climate change. During coevolution, endophytes have developed dynamic mechanisms to enhance plant immune responses. Therefore, managing endophyte association with the host plants represents a significant and sustainable solution to boost plant stress tolerance. Furthermore, endophytes support phytobioprospecting by enhancing the production of plant secondary metabolites, which are known for their medicinal and nutritional value. This review discusses the diversity of endophytes and their interactions with host plants, their role in plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress, and the production of secondary metabolites. Additionally, the potential applications of endophytes in promoting plant health and agricultural sustainability are explored.