Advances in the study of reversing tumor drug resistance by targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts with nanomaterials

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) which promote drug resistance by remodeling the extracellular matrix, generating an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and activating metabolic signaling pathways. Nanomaterials provide an effective method for specifically targeting CAF-mediated drug resistance because of their unique targeted delivery capabilities, responsive release characteristics, and multifunctional integration. Here, we describe the mechanisms underlying the role of CAFs in drug resistance. The types of materials used and design principles are described, and examples of the application of nanomaterials for targeting CAFs are provided. Current challenges and future directions of nanomaterials targeting CAFs for reversing tumor drug resistance are also discussed to provide theoretical support for the development of effective nanotherapies aimed at reversing drug resistance in cancer.