Performance analysis of oil recovery and CO2 retention in a greenfield residual oil zone: CO2-EOR in Tall Cotton Field (Permian Basin, West Texas, USA)

• Residual oil zones (ROZs) can be significant CCS and incremental oil recovery. • Presents a unique example from Tall Cotton greenfield ROZs. • 28 identified inverted five-spot well patterns were analyzed for CO 2 -EOR and CO 2 retention. • Results suggested that developing greenfield ROZs can be as promising as brownfield ROZs for CO 2 -EOR and storage of injected CO 2 . Residual oil zones (ROZs) can offer significant oil resources via enhanced oil recovery (EOR) as well as subsurface carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) retention during injection. If injected CO 2 is anthropogenic, the ROZs can offer a substantial geologic storage potential. The ROZs below the oil/water contact (OWC) of main pay zones (MPZ) in conventional reservoirs or brownfields, are more commonly developed for CO 2 injection and oil production and reported in the literature. However, CO 2 -EOR in greenfield ROZs, reservoirs without a MPZ present, have rarely been developed for CO 2 -EOR operation. The Tall Cotton Field of West Texas, Permian Basin, which started production in 2015 (Phase 1) and expanded in 2017 (Phase 2) from the San Andres Limestone, is one of the first examples of greenfield ROZs developed for EOR by injecting CO 2 . This paper analyses EOR and CO 2 retention performance of Tall Cotton Field using allocated injection and production data from inverted 5-spot well patterns of Phase-1 and -2 developments. Production and injection data allocated to each of the 28 identified patterns (nine 20-acre patterns for Phase-1, three 20-acre and sixteen 10-acre patterns for Phase-2) were analyzed for historical and forecasted oil recovery using ratio-trend decline analysis, and for CO 2 retention performance of the patterns. The allocated data were further used to calculate injected reservoir pore volume and void replacement ratios (VRR) for the analysis period. Quantitative results indicated that oil recovery factors of the 5-spot patterns varied between 4-10%, and 5-30% between the end of injection and the forecast periods, respectively. Storage of CO 2 , on the other hand, increased to a mean value of ∼7,130 MMscf per pattern in Phase-1 and to a mean storage of 3,700 MMscf per pattern in Phase-2 until the end of injection, followed by a decline after the end of injection and into the forecast period. Resulting CO 2 utilization factors ∼6-50 Mscf/bbl were estimated at the end of injection. Overall, presented results suggested that developing greenfield ROZs for CO 2 -EOR can be as promising as brownfield ROZs and mature MPZs for EOR and underground storage of injected CO 2 . For Tall Cotton Field, results suggest that Phase-2 patterns generally outperformed Phase-1 for oil recovery factors, while Phase-1 performed better in CO 2 retention performance metrics. This is the first study in the literature that reports a detailed CO 2 -EOR performance analysis of a greenfield ROZ in the Permian Basin, which can potentially allow for comparison with MPZs and brownfield ROZs.