Effects of smartphone-based-interventions on health-related quality of life of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review and meta-analysis

<h2>Abstract:</h2><h3>Background</h3> Although several studies have examined the impact of smartphone-based interventions on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), their findings remain inconsistent and heterogeneous.Objective: To systematically review and meta-analyze randomized controlled trials evaluating such interventions on HRQoL in adults with T2DM. <h3>Methods</h3> PubMed and LISTA databases were searched for eligible randomized controlled trials published between January 2014 and October 2024. Ten studies with a total of 1,715 participants met the inclusion criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model.Results: The meta-analysis showed no statistically significant improvement in HRQoL, likely due to methodological heterogeneity and limited evidence. These factors restrict firm conclusions and highlight the need for further research. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Smartphone-based interventions did not significantly improve HRQoL in adults with T2DM. However, given their potential to support self-management and engagement, future high-quality trials are needed to optimize intervention design and clarify their long-term clinical relevance.