Oligotrophic bacteria and pathotrophic fungi moderate multitrophic interactions in semi-arid and arid environments

Our findings demonstrate that increasing aridity and rainfall variability reshape soil multitrophic networks in drylands, favoring communities dominated by stress-adapted taxa. The concurrent rise of fungal pathotrophs, potentially driven by declines in protist consumers, may undermine ecosystem resilience. Incorporating multitrophic perspectives into climate impact assessments is essential for anticipating and mitigating emerging threats, such as rising soil-borne pathogens in dryland ecosystems.