Functional advancements in intravascular catheters: materials, sensors, actuators, and robot integration

The intravascular catheter is undergoing a fundamental transformation from a passive conduit to an intelligent, multifunctional medical device. Recent advancements in catheter materials include biocompatible polymers, lubricious coatings, and variable stiffness architectures, which have significantly enhanced mechanical performance and compatibility within the vascular environment. In parallel, catheter sensing technologies have enabled real-time physiological and mechanical feedback, supporting precise diagnosis and targeted intervention, while actuated catheters with advanced motion control mechanisms have further improved maneuverability in complex vascular pathways. These advancements are further augmented by robot-assisted catheterization platforms, which enhance navigation accuracy, reduce radiation exposure, and facilitate complex procedures through diverse actuation and teleoperation. Previous research on intravascular catheters has largely focused on individual technical aspects in isolation, lacking a comprehensive perspective on material innovations, sensing capabilities, actuated mechanisms, and robotic systems. Therefore, this review systematically examines current intravascular catheter technologies, focusing on the integration of advanced catheter materials, embedded sensing capabilities, actuated catheter designs, and robotic systems. These innovations represent a significant advancement toward safer, more effective, and autonomous endovascular therapies.