Harnessing gut microbiota to mitigate <i>Salmonella</i> Dublin: Lessons from <i>S</i> . Typhimurium

The emerging cattle-adapted pathogen, <i>Salmonella</i> Dublin, threatens the global cattle industry by causing high mortality in calves and reduced production efficiency in cows. Due to limited therapeutic options, there is a need for novel interventions to mitigate <i>S</i>. Dublin. In the inflamed gut, <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium, and possibly <i>S</i>. Dublin, gain a metabolic advantage by utilizing niche nutrients during anaerobic respiration. <i>S</i>. Dublin invades intestinal epithelial cells using genes encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1), initiating systemic disease and chronic infection. Propionate, a microbial fermentation product, inhibits SPI-1 transcription, presenting an opportunity to prevent infection. Lactobacilli endogenous to the small intestine of calves may be leveraged to inhibit <i>S</i>. Dublin invasion and growth through propionate synthesis and nutrient blocking, respectively. Here, we discuss critical knowledge gaps of <i>S</i>. Dublin pathogenesis while offering data-driven insights for the development of sustainable microbial-based interventions to mitigate <i>S</i>. Dublin in cattle.