Conserving threatened plant species with widespread distribution: A case study of lethal utilization of anticancer Nothapodytes trees in Asia

The global burden of cancer, with over 19 million new cases annually, underscores the urgent need for effective therapies. Among the most promising anticancer compounds is camptothecin (CPT), a monoterpene alkaloid predominantly derived from <i>Nothapodytes</i> species. Despite its significant pharmaceutical value, the exploitation of such Threatened Plant Species with Widespread Distribution (TPSWD), particularly driven by the global demand for natural compounds in anticancer therapies, presents a paradox in which their widespread distribution fails to ensure their secure conservation status. Furthermore, the lack of in-depth biogeographic and systematic studies complicates efforts to balance resource utilization with biodiversity preservation. The asymmetric distribution of CPT within plant taxa, along with limited knowledge of its biosynthetic pathways and the enzymes and genes involved, further hampers sustainable production. Here, we review the current knowledge on the production and protection of <i>Nothapodytes</i>, focusing on their plant resources, active ingredients, and natural drug derivatives. We also explore strategies for rescuing and sustainably utilizing <i>Nothapodytes</i>, including biotechnological advancements and integrated conservation practices. Finally, we propose future directions to address conservation challenges, ensuring a sustainable supply of CPT while safeguarding these TPSWD species.