Comprehensive characterization of Bengal bamboo (Bambusa tulda Roxb.) for advanced material applications: Physical, mechanical, thermal and microstructural insights

We present a comprehensive characterization of Bengal bamboo ( Bambusa tulda ), a widely used but underexplored bamboo species from Northeast India, for its potential in advanced material applications. Our investigation encompasses the physical, mechanical, thermal and microstructural properties of untreated fibres extracted from the Bengal bamboo. Results highlight significant variability in density, tensile strength and Young's modulus across the fibres, correlating with their chemical composition, which included high cellulose (56.9%), and moderate lignin (19.3%) and hemicellulose (15.4%) content. Advanced analytical techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), provided insights into the fibre morphology, molecular structure and thermal stability, emphasizing the material's suitability for eco-friendly bio-composites and high-performance engineering applications. Additionally, the integration of Bengal bamboo fibres into traditional lime mortar with jaggery is proposed as a sustainable innovation for heritage restoration. This work underscores the potential of Bengal bamboo as a renewable resource for sustainable materials, bridging traditional practices with modern technological applications. • Exploration of Bengal bamboo: Comprehensive characterization of a northeast Indian bamboo species, highlighting its underutilized potential in industrial applications. • Advanced Characterization Techniques: Utilized methods like SEM, FTIR, and TGA to analyse physical, mechanical, thermal, and microstructural properties of Bengal bamboo fibers. • Superior Mechanical Properties: Demonstrated high cellulose content (56.9%), tensile strength up to 561.35 MPa, and significant thermal stability, making it ideal for bio-composites. • Eco-friendly Approach: Emphasized the use of untreated fibers to retain natural properties, addressing sustainability and reducing environmental impacts. • Sustainability Focus: Highlighted Bengal bamboo as a renewable resource that supports global sustainability efforts, offering alternatives to non-renewable materials. • Broad Application Potential: Positioned Bengal bamboo for diverse uses, including lightweight engineering, energy applications, and sustainable construction materials.