Exploring Neural Stem Cell Therapies as Innovative Treatments for Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GB) is among the most aggressive and treatment-resistant brain tumors, largely due to its heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME) and the protective nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent advances have highlighted the therapeutic potential of neural stem cells (NSCs), which possess tumor-homing capabilities that enable them to selectively migrate toward and infiltrate GB sites. Engineered NSCs can deliver therapeutic agents, including oncolytic viruses, prodrug-converting enzymes, and genetic materials, offering targeted treatment while minimizing systemic toxicity. Preclinical studies have demonstrated NSCs' promise in enhancing drug delivery, modulating the TME, and promoting anti-tumor immune responses. However, translational hurdles persist, including tumor heterogeneity, species-specific immune responses, and challenges in ensuring long-term safety. Emerging strategies-such as genetic modification to improve tumor targeting and the incorporation of biomaterials to enhance retention-are under investigation. Integrating personalized medicine approaches may further optimize NSC-based therapies by tailoring treatment to individual patient profiles. While significant barriers remain, ongoing research may ultimately establish NSCs as a viable and effective platform for GB therapy.