Comparative analysis of silver and aluminum hydroxide nanoparticle-induced hepatotoxicity

Abstract Background Nanotechnology has revolutionized medicine by providing innovative solutions for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles (Al(OH) 3 NPs) are commonly used due to their antimicrobial and vaccine-adjuvant properties. However, their potential toxicity and safety concerns have raised questions regarding their responsible application. Methods This study evaluated the potential histopathological and genotoxic effects of AgNPs and Al(OH) 3 NPs on mouse livers. Fifty young CD-1 male albino mice were classified into five groups: control, AgNPs (5 and 10 mg/kg), and Al(OH) 3 NPs (5 and 10 mg/kg). AgNPs were administered for 5 consecutive days/week for 4 weeks, while Al(OH) 3 NPs were administered once/week for 4 weeks. Results Both AgNPs and Al(OH) 3 NPs induced histopathological changes, including focal infiltration, vacuolar degeneration, and congestion in the portal blood vessels and central vein. The comet assay results showed significant DNA damage in all treated groups, with high doses of AgNPs (10 mg/kg) exhibiting severe DNA damage (grade 3) in 9.33% of liver cells. DNA fragmentation results demonstrated a highly significant increase in DNA fragmentation and aggregation in both the high- and low-dose groups. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of using AgNPs and Al(OH) 3 NPs safely and responsibly in medicine and emphasize the need for further research on their potential toxicity and mechanisms of action. The results of this study contribute to the existing literature on evidence of nanoparticle safety and highlight the need for stringent regulatory guidelines to mitigate potential health risks.