On- and Off-Site Coordination in a Modular Construction Supply Chain: Domain-Spanning Production Flow Framing and Evaluation

As modular construction becomes more popular, the synchronization of off-site manufacturing and on-site construction becomes crucial in influencing project timelines, budget adherence, and overall success. This paper aims to frame a domain-spanning production flow to conceptually analyze and practically enhance the coordination in the modular construction supply chain (MCSC). The qualitative-quantitative mixed method is applied to formulate a four-stage MCSC coordination context, including disruption prevention, response preparation, response execution, and postdisruption recovery, and demonstrate the validity of the domain-spanning production flow and the applicability of the coordination degree measurement method through industry practice and expert validation. The dynamics of the coordination degree underscore that higher coordination levels during response preparation and execution reflect the importance of tight subsystem integration. However, it decreases in postdisruption recovery, highlighting the need to maintain active coordination to stabilize production and resume normal operations. The proposed production flow framing approach extends production theory and synergy theory in construction, and the coordination degree evaluation method can contribute to practical MCSC scenarios, especially in situations affected by disruptions.