An exploration of adaptation strategies for addressing climate change risks to Korea’s ecosystems

Climate change presents complex risks to biodiversity and ecosystem services, particularly in vulnerable systems such as alpine zones, islands, and wetlands. These risks manifest as physiological stress in temperature-sensitive species, the expansion of invasive species under changing climate conditions, and habitat fragmentation driven by hydrological and thermal variability. This study examined ecosystem-based adaptation strategies by assessing climate risks across three ecological dimensions: species, communities, and habitats. Building on Korea’s first national ecosystem climate risk assessment, expert consultations were conducted through forums, structured surveys, and semi-structured interviews to evaluate the rationale and feasibility of proposed actions. The findings identified eighteen priority actions, including climate sensitivity-based conservation of alpine and island ecosystems, development of early detection and warning systems for invasive species, and restoration measures to enhance connectivity among fragmented habitats. From these results, a four-pillar adaptation framework was derived. The first pillar emphasizes scientific reinforcement of climate risk information, ensuring that adaptation strategies are grounded in reliable and continuously updated data. The second focuses on spatial restoration and biosecurity, aiming to restore degraded habitats while preventing and managing invasive species. The third addresses crisis management in high-risk ecosystems, prioritizing rapid responses and protective measures. The fourth highlights multi-level governance integration, fostering coordination among national, regional, and local institutions to promote coherent adaptation policies. This study provides a framework for linking ecological risk information with local adaptation and management planning, thereby contributing to improved ecosystem resilience and more integrated national responses to climate change.