Comparative life cycle assessment of heavy duty vehicles and buses in Qatar using a cradle to grave system boundary

Abstract The transportation sector significantly contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions, with heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) and buses accounting for approximately a quarter of transportation emissions. This paper explores the life cycle assessment of these vehicle types, assessing their environmental impacts in Qatar during production, operation, and end-of-life stages leveraging a cradle-to-grave system boundary from the year 2022 until 2050. Additionally, the study investigates their potential roles in decarbonizing the transport sector through emerging technologies and policy interventions. The key findings highlight the importance of electrification, alternative fuels, and efficiency improvements in reducing emissions, emphasizing the critical role of HDVs and buses in achieving sustainable transport systems. The results indicate that transitioning from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) to battery electric vehicles (BEV) can lead to reductions in global warming potential (BEV HDVs and Buses reflecting 33.5% and 32.8% reduction) and particulate matter emissions (from 3.09E-04 kg PM 2.5 -eq/km in 2022 to 2.15E-04 kg PM 2.5 -eq/km in 2050 for HDVs). The decline in PM 2.5 emissions will improve urban air quality and reducing public health risks. However, the shift to BEVs increases mineral resource depletion due to battery production, necessitating improved recycling strategies and sustainable raw material sourcing. This study provides critical insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders, highlighting the need for integrated approaches, including renewable energy investments, battery recycling initiatives, and electrification incentives. The transition to sustainable transportation is essential for achieving Qatar’s National Vision 2030, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and mitigating environmental impacts.