Characteristic subgroup growth
Abstract Let $$s_n^\textrm{ch}(\Gamma )$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>ch</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> denote the number of characteristic subgroups of index at most n in a finitely generated group $$\Gamma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> . In response to a question of I. Rivin, we show that if $$\Gamma = F_r$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is the free group on $$r \ge 2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> generators, then the growth type of $$s_n^{\textrm{ch}}(F_r)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>ch</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is $$n^{\textrm{log}(n)}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>log</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> . This is in contrast with the expectation of W. Thurston who predicted that there should be a difference between $$r = 2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$r > 2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Along the way, we answer a question of Barnea and Schlage-Puchta (J Group Theory 23(1):1–15, 2020) on the normal subgroup growth of large groups.
Authors
- Alexander Lubotzky (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7281-1142)
- Liam Hanany
Institutions
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Archiv der Mathematik
- Published
- 2026-05-19
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00013-026-02242-1
- Primary Topic
- Geometric and Algebraic Topology
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- European Commission
- H2020 European Research Council