Characteristic subgroup growth

Abstract Let $$s_n^\textrm{ch}(\Gamma )$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>ch</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> denote the number of characteristic subgroups of index at most n in a finitely generated group $$\Gamma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> . In response to a question of I. Rivin, we show that if $$\Gamma = F_r$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is the free group on $$r \ge 2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> generators, then the growth type of $$s_n^{\textrm{ch}}(F_r)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>ch</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is $$n^{\textrm{log}(n)}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>log</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> . This is in contrast with the expectation of W. Thurston who predicted that there should be a difference between $$r = 2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$r &gt; 2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Along the way, we answer a question of Barnea and Schlage-Puchta (J Group Theory 23(1):1–15, 2020) on the normal subgroup growth of large groups.

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Journal
Archiv der Mathematik
Published
2026-05-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00013-026-02242-1
Primary Topic
Geometric and Algebraic Topology
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Characteristic subgroup growth

Alexander Lubotzky, Liam Hanany
Archiv der Mathematik
Geometric and Algebraic Topology
article

Characteristic subgroup growth

Alexander Lubotzky, Liam Hanany
article en

Abstract

Abstract Let $$s_n^\textrm{ch}(\Gamma )$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>ch</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> denote the number of characteristic subgroups of index at most n in a finitely generated group $$\Gamma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> . In response to a question of I. Rivin, we show that if $$\Gamma = F_r$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is the free group on $$r \ge 2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> generators, then the growth type of $$s_n^{\textrm{ch}}(F_r)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>ch</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is $$n^{\textrm{log}(n)}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>log</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> . This is in contrast with the expectation of W. Thurston who predicted that there should be a difference between $$r = 2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$r &gt; 2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Along the way, we answer a question of Barnea and Schlage-Puchta (J Group Theory 23(1):1–15, 2020) on the normal subgroup growth of large groups.

Archiv der Mathematik
Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
European Commission, H2020 European Research Council
Openalex Percentile: Top 94%
Geometric and Algebraic Topology
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