VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS SCENARIO IN MURSHIDABAD DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA: 2019 to 2023 A SAMPLE SURVEY

Leishmaniasis, particularly visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a serious, neglected tropical disease with a high mortality rate if untreated. An epidemiological survey in Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India, from 2019 to 2023 showed a gradual decline in cases, despite a spike in 2021. This reduction likely results from increased public awareness, improved healthcare access, early detection, better housing, and enhanced sanitation in rural areas, all contributing to fewer sandfly bites and lower disease transmission. The survey highlighted a significant gender disparity. This disparity may stem from males’ greater exposure to sandflies due to outdoor occupations like farming and construction. Physiological differences could also play a role, with testosterone potentially suppressing immune responses in males, while estrogen may offer females some protection. Additionally, variations in iron metabolism and skin characteristics between genders might influence susceptibility to Leishmaniasis. Geographically, the Jangipur subdivision reported the highest number of cases, while other subdivisions reported only few cases each. Jangipur’s predominantly rural nature likely contributes to this high concentration, as sandflies thrive in environments with poor housing, livestock, and abundant organic matter. The presence of domestic animals and wildlife, which can serve as reservoirs for the Leishmania parasite, further increases the risk of transmission in these rural areas. Survey in Murshidabad district indicates a positive trend in reducing Leishmaniasis cases but also reveals ongoing challenges. The persistent gender disparity and concentration of cases in rural areas like Jangipur underscore the need for targeted interventions, including education, improved healthcare access, and environmental management. Addressing these social and biological factors is crucial for further reducing the disease burden.