Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants in Franceville, Gabon

Gastrointestinal parasites represent a major constraint on the health and productivity of small ruminants worldwide. In Gabon, and particularly in Franceville, data regarding parasite diversity, prevalence, and associated risk factors remain scarce. Understanding these aspects is crucial to develop effective, targeted control strategies and to safeguard animal health and food security. A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2019, covering both dry and rainy seasons in Franceville, southeastern Gabon. A total of 120 fecal samples (113 sheep and 7 goats) were collected from twelve farms representing semi-intensive and extensive husbandry systems. Samples were analyzed using flotation and sedimentation coprological techniques to identify and quantify parasite eggs and oocysts. Host and environmental data, including age, sex, physiological status, farming system, and season, were recorded. Statistical analysis included prevalence estimation, Chi-square tests for association, and linear regression models with model selection based on Akaike's Information Criterion. The overall gastrointestinal parasite prevalence of 91.7 % was observed, consistent with regional African data. Ten parasite genera were identified, encompassing nematodes, cestodes, and protozoa. The most prevalent were <i>Oesophagostomum</i>/<i>Haemonchus</i> complex (64.6 %), <i>Eimeria</i> spp. (53.3 %), <i>Strongyloides</i> spp. (42.5 %), and <i>Trichostrongylus</i> spp. (38.0 %). Nematodes exhibited the highest mean infection intensity (∼1577 eggs per gram), followed by protozoa and cestodes. Risk factor analysis revealed that juveniles had higher prevalence of infestation, but lower parasite loads than adults, males carried higher burdens than females, and pregnant females had significantly elevated parasite loads (∼2.5 times higher). Extensive farming was associated with increased prevalence and burden, while seasonality influenced genus-specific occurrence. Limitations included small sample size for goats and absence of molecular diagnostics. This first study in Franceville (Gabon) demonstrates a high burden and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants, with key host and environmental factors influencing infection dynamics. The findings highlight the urgent need for genus-specific, integrated control measures adapted to local husbandry and seasonal patterns, especially targeting vulnerable groups like pregnant females. Future longitudinal studies employing molecular tools are recommended to refine parasite identification and optimize intervention strategies. Given the zoonotic potential of some parasites, a One Health approach is essential to improve animal health, public health, and food security in the region.