Coordination Mechanism Between Electric Vehicles and Air Conditioning Loads Based on Price Guidance

Under China’s dual carbon goals, the surging summer demand for air conditioning (AC) has widen the power grid’s peak-to-valley difference, posing challenges to conventional supply-side solutions. To address this issue, effective demand-side coordination is essential. However, existing demand response schemes typically optimize single resources in isolation and overlook the dynamic evolution of user participation. This study proposes a price-guided coordination mechanism integrating vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and AC loads to establish a closed-loop value chain among the grid, aggregators, and users. A bi-level optimization framework is developed to balance the interests of these stakeholders. The model incorporates a V2G discharging willingness component that considers user psychology and battery degradation, as well as an AC response model reflecting thermal comfort. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism effectively mitigates peak loads and narrows the peak-to-valley difference while enhancing off-peak electricity consumption. It accommodates the spatiotemporal and user-type heterogeneity of response behaviors, yielding notable economic gains for all participants. This research validates a comprehensive strategy for improving grid flexibility, protecting stakeholder interests, and optimizing user engagement, offering both theoretical insight and practical guidance for diversified resource integration.