Fire Simulation and Optimization of Fire Control System in Vehicle Compartment of Ro-Ro Passenger Ship

This paper constructs a numerical simulation model for the fire and fire-fighting system of an all-electric vehicle ro-ro passenger ship to study the influence of fire characteristics and fire-fighting system layout parameters on the fire-extinguishing system. The simulation results show that the fire can spread to the upper deck within 52 s, and the smoke will fill the main deck within 57 s. The study found that the battery capacity has a super-linear relationship with the fire hazard, and the fire thermal spread radius of a 240 Ah battery can reach 3.5 m. The high-expansion foam system has a low applicability in quickly suppressing battery fires due to its response delay and limited cooling capacity for deep-seated fires; the fire-extinguishing efficiency of fine water mist has spatial dependence: 800 µm droplets achieve effective cooling in the core area of the fire source with stronger penetrating power, while 200 µm droplets show better environmental cooling ability in the surrounding area; at the same time, the large-angle nozzles with an angle of 80–120° have a wider coverage range and perform better in overall temperature control and smoke containment than small-angle nozzles. The study also verified the effectiveness of fire curtains in forming fire compartments through physical isolation, which can reduce the heat radiation range by approximately 3 m. This research provides an innovative solution for improving the fire safety level of transporting all-electric vehicles on ro-ro passenger ships.